Who Gets the Credit

Your name is ''Jocelyn Bell'', and you’re born into a Quaker family living in Northern Ireland in 1943. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/pulsars/lurgan.jpg" alt="map of Northern Ireland with marker indicating the city, Lurgan"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg">//Photo credit: NordNordWest</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en">CC BY-SA 3.0 DE </a> via Wikimedia Commons//] Your father is an architect, and he is working on a planetarium in Armagh. During your visits there, the staff talk to you about their careers as astronomers. Inspired by their stories, you scan through your father's collection of books at home and decide to borrow one called //Frontiers of Astronomy// by Fred Hoyle. [[You begin reading it->Secondary school sexism]]

Your domestic science teacher refuses your request. You . . . 0. [[. . . don't think that's fair, so when you get home that night you tell your parents->tell your parents]] 0. [[. . . don't think that's fair, but your teacher has a point--the vast majority of women do not work outside the home, and if they do, almost none of them work in the sciences->end homemaker 1]]

You take the same path as most of the women around you: you marry, start a family, and never enter the workforce. You become a homemaker instead of a radio astronomer, and as a result, pulsars are never discovered. [[References->Jocelyn references]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting pulsars]]

Your parents are //livid.// As Quakers, they believe that every single person has something of God in them, and thus, //everyone// needs a scientific education. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/pulsars/cross-and-bible.jpg" alt="a small wooden cross laying on an open bible"> //Adobe Stock//] After talking to the school administrators, you are allowed to go to the science laboratory with two other girls the next time everyone is split up. [[Your experiences in the science laboratory galvanize your desire to become a radio astronomer.->Glasgow]]

You decide not only to go, but to work your very hardest. If they decide to throw you out, at least you won't have a guilty conscience. You begin working on your Ph.D at Cambridge under the supervision of Antony Hewish. You are still the only female in your program--the only other women around are secretaries. Despite this, you work your hardest and spend the next two years building the Interplanetary Scintillation Array along with a half-dozen other people. Once completed, this radio telescope covers an area the size of 57 tennis courts, consists of 2,000 metal antennas, and has 120 miles of cable and wires. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/radiotelescope.png" alt="Jocelyn Bell standing in front of the Interplanetary Scintillation Array"> //Jocelyn Bell standing in front of the Interplanetary Scintillation Array Feder (2019)//] With the first half of the project complete and the radio telescope operational, the second half of the project can begin. You are the sole person in charge of analyzing the output from the telescope, which amounts to about 100 feet of charts, daily. You're searching the squiggly lines of the charts in search of quasars. These supermassive black holes were only recently discovered and are currently a very hot topic in your field. [[Dedicated and meticulous, you analyze every single inch every day.->interference]]

You are captivated by //Frontiers of Astronomy//, and decide that one day, you want to become a radio astronomer. You are enjoying school very much. It's the first week of Secondary school, and today, you and your classmates are divided into two groups: all of the boys are sent to the science laboratory . . . <img src="images/pulsars/science-lab-1940.jpg" alt="Science equipment such as flasks and beakers"> //Photo created with DALL E// (align:"==>")[ . . . and all of the girls are sent to the cookery room. <img src="images/pulsars/1941-1942-cooking-class.jpg" alt="A mixing bowl, open bag of flour and other cooking equipment on a table"> //Photo created with DALL E//] You . . . 0. [[. . . ask your domestic science teacher if you can go to the science laboratory instead->Quakers and science]] 0. [[. . . stay and learn the skills to become a homemaker->end homemaker 2]]

On November 28th, 1967 you are analyzing chart data when something catches your eye. "What's this bit of scruff?" you wonder to yourself. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/pulsar-interference-chart.jpg" alt="The chart showing the interference Jocelyn identified"> //The chart showing the interference Jocelyn identified Roberts (2019) //] You can't seem to name or classify the squiggle, which only takes up about a quarter inch on the chart. It isn't always present, but it occurs often enough that you remember seeing it on previous charts. You . . . 0. [[. . . decide to move on. You're supposed to be looking for quasars, and this definitely isn't a quasar, so you move on to the real work.->become end narrow-minded astronomer]] 0. [[. . . decide to bring it to your thesis supervisor, Antony Hewish. Maybe he can offer some insight.->First pulsar]]

You successfully complete your Ph.D. You spend your career narrowly focused on radio astronomy. You make several contributions to your field, but never return to the "bit of scruff" you noticed years ago and pulsars are never discovered. [[References->Jocelyn references]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting pulsars]]

You show the anomaly to Antony Hewish, and he dismisses it as simple interference. He also suggests that perhaps you have made a mistake in wiring the radio telescope, and the so-called interference is related to that. You . . . 0. [[. . . accept this explanation.->become end narrow-minded astronomer]] This project was his idea, he's the one who got the money to build the radio telescope 0. [[. . . do not accept this explanation. ->proof of first pulsar]] Yes, this project was his idea and he's the one who got the money to build the radio telescope, but this is //your// Ph.D. You're the one running the telescope and analyzing the data, and you //know// this is more than just "interference" (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/first-pulsar-passage-image.jpg" alt="Jocelyn walking through the Interplanetary Scintillation Array"> //Jocelyn walking through the Interplanetary Scintillation Array Proudfoot (2021) //]

You realize you need an enlargement to run the chart faster under the pen when the anomaly occurs so everything gets spread out. After a month of turning the chart on to high speed when you predict the anomaly should be present, you catch it! The pen records a series of pulses, about one and a third seconds apart. "What is this?!" you think to yourself. You telephone Antony to tell him about the string of pulses and he says, "That settles it, it's manmade, it's just artificial radio interference." You know it's //not// interference, and the next day, when Antony comes out and sees the pulses show up on the chart with his own eyes, he finally agrees. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/jocelyn-and-antony.jpg" alt="Jocelyn holding the chart showing the interference she identified"> //Jocelyn holding the chart showing the interference she identified Roberts (2019) // [[''You have discovered the first //pulsating radio source,// also known as a //pulsar!//''->second pulsar]] <img src = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lightsmall-optimised.gif" alt="moving image of a pulsar"> <a href="http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~mkramer/Animations.html">//Photo credit: Michael Kramer </a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> via Wikimedia Commons//]

You continue your education at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. You are still in the minority as the only female in a class of 50. The University of Glasgow is one of Scotland's "ancient universities" and has a rich history with many traditions. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/pulsars/glasgow-lecture-hall.jpg" alt="Lecture hall at the University of Glasgow from 1960 "> //A photo of the lecture theatre in the University of Galsgow's James Watt South Engineering building from 1960 TheGlasgowStory.com (n.d.)//] One such "tradition" at the time is for all of the male students to catcall, whistle, and bang on their desks whenever a female enters the lecture hall. Your fellow students keep this tradition alive //every time you go to class.// You have to face this on your own. It's a nasty "tradition" . . . 0. [[ . . . and you decide you've had enough. You leave the University of Glasgow->end secretary]] 0. [[ . . . but you are clear in your goal of becoming a radio astronomer. You endure, and graduate from the University of Glasgow->Cambridge]]

You've discovered something amazing, but you know it is incredibly hard to get people to believe you if you've only got one example. You realize that finding more pulsars will be key, so you go back to analyzing the data. Sure enough, you see a familiar pattern in another area--''you've found another pulsar.'' With this evidence, your group is able to publish your findings, and you are listed as the second author on the paper when it comes out in //Nature// in 1968. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/nature-1968-article-on-pulsars.jpg" alt="Journal article titled, "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source" authored by Bell and others"> //The article published in //Nature// about the discovery of pulsars Hewish (1968)) //] Antony Hewish gives a colloquium in Cambridge to announce the discovery, and all of the astronomers at Cambridge attend--even Fred Hoyle, the astronomer and author of the book that inspired you as a schoolgirl! Everyone is buzzing about the pulsars and what they could be. As time goes on, it becomes clearer and clearer that this discovery is hugely important. [[You're so excited that you brush off the fact Hewish could have cited your contributions more during the colloquium, but didn't.->reporter sexism]]

The discovery is creating a lot of buzz, and reporters come to cover the story. They ask Hewish questions on the astrophysics and details of the pulsars and their implications. But when they turn to you, their questions follow a disgusting pattern: //"So, how many boyfriends do you have at once?"// //"Would you describe yourself as brunette, or blond?"// //"What are your bust, waist, and hip measurements?"// The reporters are awful, calling these questions the "human interest" part of the story, but it's the photographers who are the worst--going so far as to ask you to undo some of the buttons on your blouse for pictures. None of them ever refer to you as a scientist, only as "a girl." (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/sexist-reporter-headline.jpg" alt="Headline in a newspaper that reads "The Girl Who Spotted The Little Green Men""> //Proudfoot (2021)//] In addition to being sexualized and labeled simply "a girl" in the news stories, you've started receiving disparaging comments from others in the lab since you started wearing your engagement ring. They question why you're working at all if you plan to get married. You . . . 0. [[ . . . decide to call off the marriage and keep your maiden name (and therefore your accumulated scientific reputation)->prioritize career]] 0. [[ . . . get married and end up moving about every 5-10 years due to the nature of your husband's job->have a family]]

Remaining unmarried and never starting a family allows you to remain in the workforce and build upon your scientific reputation. You make several scientific contributions, but only to the field of radio astronomy. As a result, you become a much more narrow-minded astronomer. In 1974 the Nobel Prize winners are announced. The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded jointly to Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle, the head of the Cabridge Radio Astronomy Group, for the discovery of pulsars. Your name is never mentioned. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/ryle-and-hewish.jpg" alt="1974 Winners for Nobel Prize in Physics Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish"> //Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish Nobel Prize Outreach (1975)//] When confronted about this oversight by others in the field, Hewish defends himself saying: //"When you plan a trip of discovery and somebody yells, 'Land ho,' that's great. But, I mean, who actually inspired it and conceived it and decided what to do when, and so on? I mean, there is a difference between skipper and crew."// You are . . . 0. [[. . . bothered by the likelihood that you were excluded from the Nobel Prize because you are a woman and were a graduate student at the time of the discovery->Jocelyn references]] 0. [[. . . actually pleased, because even though you didn't get the credit you deserved, this means pulsars are considered important enough to rate a Nobel Prize->Jocelyn references]]

With each move, you search out any job in astronomy that's near where you currently live. This means you don't always get to study radio astronomy, but it does mean you get experience in multiple fields of astronomy which broadens your understanding and impact on astronomy as a whole. It's 1974, and you're currently working in x-ray astronomy as a professor at University College London. A colleague tells you the 1974 Nobel Prize winners have been announced. The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded jointly to Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle, the head of the Cabridge Radio Astronomy Group, for the discovery of pulsars. Your name is never mentioned. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/pulsars/ryle-and-hewish.jpg" alt="1974 Winners for Nobel Prize in Physics Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish"> //Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish Nobel Prize Outreach (1975)//] When confronted about this oversight by others in the field, Hewish defends himself saying: //"When you plan a trip of discovery and somebody yells, 'Land ho,' that's great. But, I mean, who actually inspired it and conceived it and decided what to do when, and so on? I mean, there is a difference between skipper and crew."// You . . . 0. [[. . . are bothered by the likelihood that you were excluded from the Nobel Prize because you are a woman and were a graduate student at the time of the discovery->Jocelyn references]] 0. [[. . . are actually pleased, because even though you didn't get the credit you deserved, this means pulsars are considered important enough to rate a Nobel Prize->Jocelyn references]]

As a college-level researcher, the projects, reports, presentations, etc. you create will build on the work from those who came before you. Others who come after you may build upon //your// contributions, and giving credit where credit is due is an essential part of this process. ''However, this doesn't always happen.'' Below are three stories of real people who didn't get the credit they deserved. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[= <img src = "images/pulsars/heading-pulsars.jpg"> Imagine being a Ph.D. student at a prestigious university. Now imagine making a discovery that changes your entire field, but your faculty advisor gets the credit. [[''Jocelyn Bell''->Setting pulsars]] doesn't have to imagine that--she lived it. <img src = "images/pulsars/artist-rendering-pulsar.jpg" alt="Artist’s impression of the radio magnetar PSR J1745-2900 near the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*"> //Artist’s impression of the radio magnetar PSR J1745-2900 near the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* <a href="http://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-a-magnetar-at-the-galactic-center/">Image Credit: MPIfR/Ralph Eatough// </a> <img src="images/boyd/heading-bedstead.jpg"> What if you had not only bought your way out of slavery, but also invented a new bedframe that's stronger, more comfortable, and helps limit mice and creepy-crawlies from hiding in your bed? [[''Henry Boyd''->Setting boyd bedstead]] did all this and more--and his name never went on the patent. <img src="images/boyd/boyd-bedstead01.jpg" alt="Bedframe designed by Henry Boyd"> //Bedframe designed by Henry Boyd <a href="https://collections.si.edu/search/record/ark:/65665/fd5c2abd530c0934bcf885912045431d908"> Public Domain Image from the Smithsonian Institution</a>// <img src="images/monopoly/heading-monopoly.jpg"> //Monopoly// is a game known for bringing families together (to argue for hours) and millions of copies have been sold since its debut. So why did the game's inventor, [[''Lizzie Magie,''->Setting antimonopoly]] only receive $500 instead of the millions and millions of dollars made from this game? <img src="images/monopoly/monopoly-case-settlement-offer.jpg" alt="Hand holding a bag of money"> // Image generated by Adobe Firefly AI // </a>

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/pulsars/susan-jocelyn-bell-burnell-1967.jpg" alt="Susan Jocelyn Bell (Burnell), June 15, 1967"> //Susan Jocelyn Bell (Burnell), June 15, 1967 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Susan_Jocelyn_Bell_(Burnell),_1967.jpg"> Image from Roger W Haworth </a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 2.0 </a> via Wikimedia Commons//] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[''How does the real Jocelyn feel about her legacy and who got the credit? Check out some of these resources below and hear the answer from Jocelyn herself. Or, [[start over and take a walk in someone else's shoes->Why]]''] ''References'' * Feder, T. (2019). Q&A: Pulsar pioneer Jocelyn Bell Burnell. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.4.20190130a">https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.4.20190130a</a> * Hewish, A., Bell, S. J., Pilkington, J. D. H., Scott, P. F., & Collins, R. A. (1968). Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source. Nature, 217(5130), 709–713. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/217709a0">https://doi.org/10.1038/217709a0</a> * Jocelyn Bell Burnell. (2024, October 17). <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jocelyn-Bell-Burnell </a> * McCoy, B. (2022, December 29). The Woman Behind A Mystery That Changed Astronomy [Broadcast]. NPR. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/12/21/1144823167/the-woman-behind-a-mystery-that-changed-astronomy">https://www.npr.org/2022/12/21/1144823167/the-woman-behind-a-mystery-that-changed-astronomy</a> [<iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/1144823167/1200393254" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"></iframe>] * Merali, Z. (2018, September 6). Pulsar discoverer Jocelyn Bell Burnell wins $3-million Breakthrough Prize. Nature, 161–161. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06210-w">https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06210-w </a> * Nobel Prize Outreach. (n.d.). The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974. NobelPrize.Org. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1974/summary/">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1974/summary/</a>. * Pacilio, H. (2018, July 15). Masalladeltercerplaneta.: Efemérides (24): Jocelyn Bell , entre un descubrimiento y una injusticia . Masalladeltercerplaneta. <a href="https://hugopacilio.blogspot.com/2018/07/efemerides-24-jocelyn-bell-entre-un.html">https://hugopacilio.blogspot.com/2018/07/efemerides-24-jocelyn-bell-entre-un.html</a> * Proudfoot, B. (Director). (2021, July 29). I Changed Astronomy Forever. He Won the Nobel Prize for It. | “Almost Famous” by Op-Docs [Video Recording]. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDW9zKqvPJI">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDW9zKqvPJI </a> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NDW9zKqvPJI?si=mdCnzWosCZGThmih" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> ''Images'' <img src = "images/pulsars/radiotelescope.png" alt="Jocelyn Bell standing in front of the Interplanetary Scintillation Array"> * Feder, T. (2019). Q&A: Pulsar pioneer Jocelyn Bell Burnell. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.4.20190130a">https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.4.20190130a</a> <img src = "images/pulsars/nature-1968-article-on-pulsars.jpg" alt="Journal article titled, "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source" authored by Bell and others"> * Hewish, A., Bell, S. J., Pilkington, J. D. H., Scott, P. F., & Collins, R. A. (1968). Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source. Nature, 217(5130), 709–713. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/217709a0">https://doi.org/10.1038/217709a0</a> <img src="images/pulsars/susan-jocelyn-bell-burnell-1967.jpg" alt="Susan Jocelyn Bell (Burnell), June 15, 1967"> * Jocelyn Bell Burnell. (2024, October 9). In //Wikipedia//. <a href= "https://web.archive.org/web/20241009183910/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell">https://web.archive.org/web/20241009183910/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell</a> <img src = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lightsmall-optimised.gif" alt="moving image of a pulsar"> * Kramer, M. (n.d.) The pulsar sky of the future. [GIF file] JBCA, Unversity of Manchester. <a href="https://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~mkramer/Animations.html"> https://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~mkramer/Animations.html</a> <img src="images/pulsars/lurgan.jpg" alt="map of Northern Ireland with marker indicating the city, Lurgan" * Lurgan. (2024, October 10). In //Wikipedia//. <a href= "https://web.archive.org/web/20241010032453/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan">https://web.archive.org/web/20241010032453/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan </a> <img src = "images/pulsars/ryle-and-hewish.jpg" alt="1974 Winners for Nobel Prize in Physics Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish" * Nobel Prize Outreach. (n.d.). The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974. NobelPrize.Org. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1974/summary/">https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1974/summary/</a>. * Pacilio, H. (2018, July 15). Masalladeltercerplaneta.: Efemérides (24): Jocelyn Bell , entre un descubrimiento y una injusticia . Masalladeltercerplaneta. <a href="https://hugopacilio.blogspot.com/2018/07/efemerides-24-jocelyn-bell-entre-un.html">https://hugopacilio.blogspot.com/2018/07/efemerides-24-jocelyn-bell-entre-un.html</a> <img src = "images/pulsars/first-pulsar-passage-image.jpg" alt="Jocelyn walking through the Interplanetary Scintillation Array"> <img src = "images/pulsars/sexist-reporter-headline.jpg" alt="Headline in a newspaper that reads "The Girl Who Spotted The Little Green Men""> * Proudfoot, B. (Director). (2021, July 29). I Changed Astronomy Forever. He Won the Nobel Prize for It. | “Almost Famous” by Op-Docs [Video recording]. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDW9zKqvPJI">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDW9zKqvPJI </a> <img src = "images/pulsars/pulsar-interference-chart.jpg" alt="The chart showing the interference Jocelyn identified"> <img src = "images/pulsars/jocelyn-and-antony.jpg" alt="Jocelyn holding the chart showing the interference she identified"> * Roberts, S. (2019, March 8). World first as Bell Burnell pulsar chart goes on display. <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/discovery-bell-burnell-pulsar-chart">https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/discovery-bell-burnell-pulsar-chart</a> <img src="images/pulsars/glasgow-lecture-hall.jpg" alt="Lecture hall at the University of Glasgow from 1960 "> * TheGlasgowStory: Lecture theatre. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2024, from <a href="https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSD00191&add=99&t=2">https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSD00191&add=99&t=2</a>

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/san-fransisco-setting.jpg" alt="The Golden Gate Bridge"> Image by<a href="https://pixabay.com/photos/bridge-golden-gate-bridge-ocean-sea-1868205/"> Pexels</a> from <a href="https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/">Pixabay</a>] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[San Fransisco 1973] Your name is ''Ralph Anspach'', and you’re an Economics professor at San Fransisco State University. OPEC oil cartels are dominating the headlines. You are staunchly anti-monopoly, and thus very frustrated by the current state of affairs surrounding oil imports and prices, and the effect it's having on the US economy. Lately, you don’t feel you’re getting through to your students about this topic and its importance. Today, it took you// four hours// to get home rather than one hour and to say you were grumpy when you got home would be a grave understatement. After listenting to you rant and rave against oil monopolists, your 8-year-old son says, “Dad, you’re a really poor loser.” Confused, you ask, “Why, William? Why am I a poor loser?” “Yesterday we played //Monopoly//, and I won the game, and now you’re such a poor loser, you’re attacking my victory” he explains. Try as you might, you can't make him understand why you believe monopolies are so harmful. You . . . 0. [[. . . tell him to eat his cereal and let it go–he’s only 8 after all ->obscurity]] 0. [[. . . decide to invent a game, one where the goal is to break up monopolies->anti-monopoly]]

You never have an opportunity to use your woodworking skills professionally, and the Boyd Bedstead is never invented. Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting boyd bedstead]] [[References->Boyd References]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/wood-turning-machinery.jpg" alt="photo of wood-turning machinery in a workshop"> <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ea1b-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">//The New York Public Library//</a>] The shopkeeper accepts. He is so impressed with your work on the counter that he hires you to work on other projects. Over time, word of your carpentry skills spreads and you begin to get more work. Your reputation for quality work grows so much that you end up working with white carpenters. You begin to save up money and when you have enough you . . . 0. [[use the money to purchase the freedom of a brother and sister. ->Freedom]] 0. [[use the money you’ve saved to buy your own woodworking workshop. ->career]]

You buy the freedom of your brother and sister and continue on with your carpentry. [[You save more money—enough to open up your own woodworking shop. ->career]] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/boyd/deed-of-freedom-henry-blake-1842.jpg" alt="deed of freedom for Henry Blake in 1842" width="460" height="745"> //An example of a deed of freedom. This one is for a man named Henry Blake in 1842. <a href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813545">Cornell University Library//</a>]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/cincinnati-street-photo.jpg" alt="postcard showing fifth street in Cincinnati, Ohio"> <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-377a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">//Fifth street in Cincinnati, Ohio. The New York Public Library//</a>] You keep working. Over time, your single workshop expands into two buildings; then three, then finally four! The quality of your work and your work ethic has spread by word of mouth, and you've established a solid business--despite the Black Codes and the continued hostility towards African Americans. Your most lucritive product is a [[bedframe of your own design.->Innovation]]

You have moderate success in your woodworking career, but the Boyd Bedstead is never invented. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/furniture-repair-shop.jpg" alt="A photo of a furniture repair shop at an industrial training school for African Americans"> <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ea07-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">//New York Public Library //</a>] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting boyd bedstead]] [[References->Boyd References]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/boyd-bedstead01.jpg" alt="the Boyd bedstead"> //The Boyd bedstead. <a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2012.113.1a-m">From The National Museum of Aftrican American History & Culture//</a>] Your four poster bedframe is unique from other bedframes available at the time because the side rails screw into the frame, which provides greater strength and stability. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/boyd-bedstead02.jpg" alt="image showing how the side rail screws into the frame"> //The threaded rails of the Boyd bedstead. <a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2012.113.1a-m">From The National Museum of Aftrican American History & Culture//</a>] You know you've designed a superior product to any other bedframe on the market. However, you also know that you will never be allowed to get a patent for the design. 0. You decide not to offer it to the public, and keep with the basic designs already in use. [[Why design something new if you know you won’t get credit for it?-> Status quo end]] 0. You enlist the help of a white friend. Your name can't go on the patent, but you'll still get some protection for your invention, and you'll be able to [[offer a superior product that you know will sell->Business practices]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/henry-boyd-portrait.jpg" alt="Portrait drawing of Henry Boyd"> <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company#henry-boyd">//Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County//</a>] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[''Who was Henry Boyd? Check out some of these resources below to learn more. Or, [[start over and take a walk in someone else's shoes->Why]]''] For Henry Boyd's story, we relied on the sources below. While there is no doubt Henry Boyd was an extraordinary individual, researching and accurately representing the lives of people from this era, especially minorities and enslaved individuals, can present challenges. Historical records available to us often reflect the prejudices and biases of their time, including descriptions that we now recognize as racist and unacceptable. Despite disagreements on some points within Henry Boyd's story, we have done our best to craft an engaging narrative that honors Boyd’s legacy. ''References'' * cincyhistoryluvr. (2014, February 6). Henry Boyd—Former Slave and Cincinnati Entrepreneur. Digging Cincinnati History. <a href="http://www.diggingcincinnati.com/2014/02/henry-boyd-former-slave-and-cincinnati.html">http://www.diggingcincinnati.com/2014/02/henry-boyd-former-slave-and-cincinnati.html</a> * May, L. (2020, February 18). What all of us can learn from two black-owned businesses separated by nearly 200 years. //WCPO 9 Cincinnati//. <a href="https://www.wcpo.com/news/our-community/column-what-all-of-us-can-learn-from-two-black-owned-businesses-separated-by-nearly-200-years">https://www.wcpo.com/news/our-community/column-what-all-of-us-can-learn-from-two-black-owned-businesses-separated-by-nearly-200-years</a> * National Museum of African American History & Culture. (n.d.). Henry Boyd’s Manufacturing Company. Exhibitions: Making a way out of no way - An enterprising spirit. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company"> https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company</a> * Preston, S. (2019, February 11). Our Rich History: Henry Boyd, once a slave, became a prominent African-American furniture maker. //Northern KentuckyTribune//. <a href="https://nkytribune.com/2019/02/our-rich-history-henry-boyd-once-a-slave-became-a-prominent-african-american-furniture-maker/">https://nkytribune.com/2019/02/our-rich-history-henry-boyd-once-a-slave-became-a-prominent-african-american-furniture-maker/</a> * Woodson, C. (1916). The Negroes of Cincinnati Prior to the Civil War. //The Journal of Negro History//, 1(1). <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13642/13642-h/13642-h.htm">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13642/13642-h/13642-h.htm</a> ''Images: '' <img src = "images/boyd/fire-insurance.jpg" alt="An advertisement for Aetna Fire & Inland Insurance" width="570" height="360"> * //Advertisement for Aetna Fire & Inland Insurance//. (n.d.). Collection of the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/349d786fd160afd5856d245c65446d29/967f6/MW04.02.SP01_G00758.webp"> https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/349d786fd160afd5856d245c65446d29/967f6/MW04.02.SP01_G00758.webp</a> <img src = "images/boyd/boyd-bedstead01.jpg" alt="the Boyd bedstead"> <img src = "images/boyd/boyd-bedstead02.jpg" alt="image showing how the side rail screws into the frame"> * //Bed frame designed by Henry Boyd//. (ca. 1840). National Museum of African American History & Culture; Making a Way Out of No Way Exhibition; <a href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2012.113.1a-m">https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2012.113.1a-m</a> <img src = "images/boyd/burial-card-spring-grove-cemetery.jpg" alt="The burial card for Henry Boyd at the Spring Grove Cemetery" width="450" height="310"> * //Burial card for Henry Boyd//. (1886, March 1). Spring Grove Cemetery. <a href="https://www.springgrove.org/locate-a-loved-one/spring-grove-cemetery/"> https://www.springgrove.org/locate-a-loved-one/spring-grove-cemetery/</a> <img src="images/boyd/deed-of-freedom-henry-blake-1842.jpg" alt="deed of freedom for Henry Blake in 1842" width="460" height="745"> * //Deed of freedom for 14 year old Henry Blake//. (1842-08-19). Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Gail and Stephen Rudin Slavery Collection; 4; 40. <a href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813545">https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813545</a> <img src = "images/boyd/help-wanted-sign.jpg" width="745" height="429" > * //Chicago, Illinois. Railroad help wanted signs in windows of an employment agency near the Union Station//. (1943). The Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives Collection, Library of Congress. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017853511/">https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017853511/</a> <img src="images/boyd/cincinnati-ohio-1851.jpg" alt="a painting by Robert Scott Duncanson done around 1851 of a view looking across the Ohio River from the slave state of Kentucky"> * Duncanson, R.S. //Cincinnati from Covington, Kentucky//. (1850). Cincinnati Muesum Center; History Objects and Fine Art. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/49403f9782cffaffbb99f5be85a62477/e366a/MW04.02.GP02_G00195.webp">https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/49403f9782cffaffbb99f5be85a62477/e366a/MW04.02.GP02_G00195.webp</a> <img src = "images/boyd/steamboat-1815.jpg" alt="image of a steamboat in 1815"> * //Enterprise on her fast trip to Louisville, 1815 //. (1856). The New York Public Library Digital Collections. <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-fb8e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-fb8e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99</a> <img src = "images/boyd/cincinnati-street-photo.jpg" alt="A postcard of 5th street in Cincinnati, Ohio"> * //Fifth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio//. (1907 - 1908). The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library. <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-377a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-377a-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99</a> <img src = "images/boyd/henry-boyd-portrait.jpg" alt="Portrait drawing of Henry Boyd"> * //Henry Boyd//. (n.d.). Collection of the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/1f55499f0224a5bf95478244199f221f/39018/MW04.02.GP01_G00194.webp"> https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/1f55499f0224a5bf95478244199f221f/39018/MW04.02.GP01_G00194.webp</a> <img src = "images/boyd/boyd-storefront-replica.jpg" alt="A replica of Boyd's storefront at the Cincinnati History Museum" width="685" height="514"> * May, L. //Henry Boyd storefront replica//. (2020). Cincinnati History Muesum. <a href="https://ewscripps.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c699bbc/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4000x3000+0+0/resize/1280x960!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fewscripps-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff3%2Fc7%2Fa640a4eb453daaa68d6b654df0dd%2Fhenry-boyd-storefront-at-chm.JPG"> https://ewscripps.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c699bbc/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4000x3000+0+0/resize/1280x960!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fewscripps-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff3%2Fc7%2Fa640a4eb453daaa68d6b654df0dd%2Fhenry-boyd-storefront-at-chm.JPG</a> <img src = "images/boyd/patented-bedstead.jpg" alt="An advertisement for Henry Boyd's bedstead"> * National Museum of African American History & Culture. (n.d.). Henry Boyd’s Manufacturing Company. Exhibitions: Making a way out of no way - An enterprising spirit. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company"> https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company</a> <img src = "images/boyd/furniture-repair-shop.jpg" alt="A furniture repair shop at an industrial training school for African Americans"> * //The repair shop//. (1904). Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, The New York Public Library. <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ea39-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ea39-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99</a> <img src = "images/boyd/us-patent-office.jpg.jpg" alt="Photo of the U. S. Patent Office from around 1867"> * Elliot, William Parker (American architect, 1807-1854). (1836-1867 (building)). //U. S. Patent Office//. Albumen prints. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; Andrew Dickson White architectural photograph collection; <a href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.3874245">https://jstor.org/stable/community.3874245</a> <img src = "images/boyd/wood-turning-machinery.jpg" alt="Wood-turning machinery at an industrial training school for African Americans"> * //Wood-turning machinery //. (1904). Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, The New York Public Library. <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ea1b-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-ea1b-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99</a>

Your name is ''Henry Boyd''. You were born on a Kentucky plantation in 1802 and were enslaved until you earned enough money to buy your freedom from at 18 years old. While you were enslaved, you were an apprentice to a cabinet maker and proved to be an excellent woodworker. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/boyd/cincinnati-ohio-1851.jpg" alt="a painting by Robert Scott Duncanson done around 1851 of a view looking across the Ohio River from Kentucky"> //Robert Scott Duncanson (1821–1872), an African American artist active in Cincinnati during Henry Boyd’s time, painted this view looking across the Ohio River from the slave state of Kentucky. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/static/49403f9782cffaffbb99f5be85a62477/e366a/MW04.02.GP02_G00195.webp">Cincinnati Museum Center//</a>] At 24 years old, you decide to leave Kentucky and move to Cincinnati, Ohio, because it is a free state. However, when you get there you soon find that your civil rights are still severely restricted. Thanks to the Black Codes, you have a lot of trouble finding a job as a carpenter. Finally, one shop agrees to hire you after seeing your work. You know the work environment will be hostile at best, 0. [[ . . . but you decide to take the job ->Black Codes racism]]. Maybe you can win your coworkers over with your work ethic and woodworking skills 0. [[ . . . so you decline the offer ->stevedore to carpenter]] and search for an unskilled job, where you won't face quite so much hostility

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[Elizabeth Magie’s part in the invention of //Monopoly// is hidden and the myth about Charles Darrow lives on. <img src = "images/monopoly/magie_portrait.jpg" alt="Image of Lizzie Magie from her book My Betrothed, and Other Poems"> [[References->Magie References]]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning.->Setting antimonopoly]]

You create a game called //Anti-Monopoly// that helps demonstrate how harmful monopolies are to capitalism. People love it! It becomes so popular you begin selling copies of it in the Bay area. It continues growing in popularity, receiving a lot of attention and eventually, it is sold nation-wide. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/anspach-with-anti-monopoly-board.jpg" alt="Ralph Anspach holding an Anti-Monopoly II game board"> <a href="https://x.com/marypilon/status/1507131300313853966">Image by Mary Pilon on X (formerly Twitter)</a>] But one day, you receive a letter from attorneys representing General Mills, the owners of //Monopoly//. They claim your game is infringing on their trademark rights. Not only are they demanding that you immediately stop selling copies of your game, but they are also demanding that you destroy all the copies of the game you have. They even want you to put an ad in newspapers apologizing for attacking them and saying you're sorry you created //Anti-Monopoly//! You . . . 0. [[ . . . get scared, cave to the pressure, and stop selling //Anti-Monopoly//.->obscurity]] You don't really want to get taken to court by a company with lots of money and resources--you have a family to support 0. [[ . . .get angry, and refuse to let a company bully you.->fight back]] You fight back because you believe you have as much of a right to sell your game as they do to sell theirs

You keep digging and researching. One day, your son Mark comes running into the room saying he has a book that claims //Monopoly// was invented by a woman! With this information, you're able to find a patent for a game invented by a a woman named Lizzie Magie called //The Landlord’s Game//. It looks strikingly similar to Monopoly--and it's from //1904//! (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/magie-patent-1904.jpg" alt="Lizzie Magie's patent for the Landlord's game in 1904"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game#/media/File:BoardGamePatentMagie.png">Wikimedia</a>] You learn that Lizzie Magie, born in 1866 in Macomb, Illinois, spent her life fighting for women's rights, inventing, acting, and trying to share her political views through boardgames. She invented and patented many games, including //The Landlord's Game//. After doing some additional research into that period of history, you learn that it was very common in the early 1900s for people to have “folk games.” People would make homemade copies of games, which would spread across the country from home to home with slightly different rules, layouts, and names. This was the case with //The Landlord's Game//, and although Magie's original set of rules did not catch on, the game's layout and general play did. The game spreads from family to family, undergoing multiple changes but still retaining its recognizable and distinguishing characteristics. In 1924, Magie renewed her patent for the game. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/magie-patent-1924.jpg" alt="Lizzie Magie's patent for The Landlord's Game in 1924"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game#/media/File:MagiePatent2Page1.png">Wikimedia</a>] [[So how did Charles Darrow get a patent for //Monopoly// in 1935? ->Charles Darrow]]

You and your lawyers put out newspaper ads asking for anyone who played Monopoly before the 1930s to contact you. You hear from lots of individuals who show you their folk versions of// Monopoly// but you're still having trouble linking Charles Darrow to these early versions. Finally, you learn about a group of Quakers in Atlantic City who, in the late 1920s created their own version of the game that used the name of different Atlantic City properites and areas on the board. Places like "Baltic Ave" and "Mediterranean Ave"; "Oriental Ave"; and "Boardwalk." (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/darrow-patent-1935.jpg" alt="Charles Darrow's patent for Monopoly in 1935"> <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2026082">Google Patents</a>] After hearing about this folk version of //Monopoly//, you realize there's //no way// that Charles Darrow invented this game himself. But where's the link? [[How did this folk version get into Charles Darrow's hands?->Charlie and Olive Todd]]

//Monopoly// took off in popularity, so much so, that it saved the Parker Brothers company from the brink of bankruptcy. However, as the popularity grew, lawyers within the company started finding examples of the folk games that preceeded //Monopoly//, notably, //The Landlord's Game//. These games directly contradicted Darrow's story and threatened the future profitability of the game for Parker Brothers. To keep their claim to the profits of //Monopoly//, Parker Brothers began buying the patents to any and all related games. Around the same time, Lizzie Magie started to hear about //Monopoly// and realized it was //her// game! She went to the press with her story, and her proof: her patents from 1904 and 1924. George Parker came out of retirement to meet with Lizzie Magie about //Monopoly// and her patents to //The Landlord's Game//. Parker promised to mass produce Magie's original version of //The Landlord's Game//, as well as two other games she'd invented. He promised to put her face on the front of the games and make sure to give her credit for being the original inventor of the games. However, he had one condition: she had to sell Parker Brothers the patent to //The Landlord's Game//. George Parker eventually convinced Lizzie to agree, and she sold Parker Brothers the rights for $500. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/magie-evening-star-article-1936.jpg" alt="Article from 1936 about Magie's The Landlord's Game and how she sold her rights"> <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1936-01-28/ed-1/?sp=7&r=0.052,-0.01,0.707,0.589,0">Article from //The Evening Star// detailing Magie's role in the invention of Monopoly from 1936</a>] Parker Brothers followed through on their promise to produce two other games by Magie, but they did not publicize the games, and they did not sell well. Additionally, when Parker Brothers published //The Landlord's Game//, it looked nothing like the original and did not include the version of the rules that were the driving force behind Magie's reason for inventing the game in the first place. [[Years later, when her patent expired, Parker Brothers removed any mention of Lizzie Magie from the history of //Monopoly//.->the deal]]

Then one day, you meet Charlie and Olive Todd. Charlie and Olive tell you they knew the Darrows and had even had them over to their house for dinner. After dining, Charlie and Olive invited the Darrows to play a folk version of //Monopoly//--the version from the Atlantic City Quakers. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/todds-atlantic-city-version.jpg" alt="the homemade version of Monopoly played by the Atlantic City Quakers"> <a href="https://x.com/marypilon/status/1507131300313853966">Image by Mary Pilon on X (formerly Twitter)</a>] Charlie says the next day, Charles Darrow called him up to say he really enjoyed the game and would love a copy of the rules. Charlie provided a copy and said he never heard from the Darrows again. He worried that he has somehow offended the Darrows, but then he saw a flyer in the window of a bank advertising an event with Charles Darrow and his newly invented game,// Monopoly// and he immediately understood why they had been avoiding him. You're thrilled to have found the missing link, but also infuriated with Parker Brothers. You can't believe they have the audacity to sue you for creating a game when the origin of //Monopoly// is so dishonest! [[And it doesn't stop there ->last part of Lizzies story]]

Your time in court has finally come, and not a day too soon. This legal battle has consumed your life and your finances. You've taken out three mortgages on your home (one lender is about to foreclose), and the stress is taking a huge toll on your family. Just before the case is set to begin, the lawyers representing the company who owns //Monopoly// reach out to you with an offer: they'll pay you over $2 million dollars and settle the suit on one condition: ''you can never talk about the origins of //Monopoly//''. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly-case-settlement-offer.jpg" alt="Arm with hand holding a bag of cash"> Image generated by Adobe Firefly AI] You . . . 0. [[ . . .take the deal. You need to think of your family--this deal will save you from financial ruin and all of this stress and toxicity will finally end. ->take the deal and obscurity]] 0. [[ . . .refuse the deal. You wouldn't be able to live with yourself if you caved in now.->first verdict]]

This is about more than money. This is about proving your case and you now have all the evidence you need to show how the game //Monopoly// changed over time. You know your argument that Parker Brothers' patent to //Monopoly// is fruadulent, and you know you're going to win. Your lawyers lay out the case, bring in the people who played folk versions of Monopoly well before Charles Darrow claimed to have invented it, and rest their case. The judge hands down his verdict: you've lost. The judge rules in favor of Parker Brothers. You . . . 0. [[Accept that this was always a case of "David versus Goliath" and in the real word, Goliath wins->fall out and obscurity]] 0. [[Appeal the ruling.->fallout]]

You are horribly depressed. The ruling against you means you now have enormous court costs. Even though you are appealing the ruling, the judge orders you to turn over all copies of your //Anti-Monopoly// game to Parker Brothers. Hoping to teach you (and others) a lesson, Parker Brothers takes all of the remaining games you had in stock and publicly buries them in a landfill, making sure there is ample news coverage of the event. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly_nyt-1977-article.jpg" alt="New York Times article about the destruction of the Anti-Monopoly games"> <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1977/07/06/75090599.html?pageNumber=72">//The New York Times//</a>] You . . . 0. [[ . . . give up. This defeat has been crushing--emotionally and financially. It's time to move on with your life->obscurity]] 0. [[ . . . continue fighting for six more years until there's only one place left to go: the Supreme Court. ->supreme court]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[On February 22, 1983, the Supreme Court upholds the ruling of the Ninth District Circuit Court of appeals, essentially ruling in your favor and ending the legal battle! <img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly_nyt-supreme-court-decision.jpg" alt="New York Times article about the Supreme Court's decision on Anspach's case"> <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1983/02/23/250503.html?pageNumber=69">//The New York Times//</a>] Not only do you get a significant amount of money in damages and court costs, but Parker Brothers must pay you back for all 40,000 copies of the game they destroyed after the first court ruiling. You have won the right to produce and sell your //Anti-Monopoly// game and to tell the true story of Lizzie Magie's contributions to the history of// Monopoly// (despite Parker Brother's continuing to push the myth of Charles Darrow's into the early 2000's). (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[For more about who Lizzie Magie was and all of the things she did (and didn't) receive credit for, [[check out these resources->Magie References]]] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810014137/http://www.hasbro.com/monopoly/en_US/discover/history.cfm">//Photo credit: Internet Archive's Wayback Machine from 2009//<img src = "images/monopoly/2009-monopoly-myth-internet-archive.jpg" alt="screenshot from 2009 version of Hasbro's website describing the history of the Monopoly game"> ]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/magie_portrait.jpg" alt="Image of Lizzie Magie from her book My Betrothed, and Other Poems"> ''Who was Lizzie Magie? Check out some of these resources below to learn about why Lizzie created //The Landlord's Game// in the first place and just how much she accomplished in her lifetime. Or, [[start over and take a walk in someone else's shoes->Why]]''] ''References'' * Ives, S. (Director). (2023). Ruthless: Monopoly’s Secret History | Kanopy [Video Recording]. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). <a href= "https://quicksearch.lib.iastate.edu/permalink/01IASU_INST/1s27pim/alma9921475390902756">https://quicksearch.lib.iastate.edu/permalink/01IASU_INST/1s27pim/alma9921475390902756</a> * Lizzie Magie. (2024, October 1). In //Wikipedia//. <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lizzie_Magie&oldid=1248814087">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lizzie_Magie&oldid=1248814087 </a> * Pilon, M. (2015, February 13). Monopoly’s Inventor: The Progressive Who Didn’t Pass ‘Go.’ //The New York Times//. <a href= "https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/business/behind-monopoly-an-inventor-who-didnt-pass-go.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/business/behind-monopoly-an-inventor-who-didnt-pass-go.html </a> ''Images'' <img src = "images/monopoly/darrow-patent-1935.jpg" alt="Charles Darrow's patent for Monopoly in 1935"> * Darrow, C. B. (1935). Board game apparatus (U.S. Patent No. 2,026,082-A) U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2026082">https://patents.google.com/patent/US2026082</a> <img src = "images/monopoly/magie-evening-star-article-1936.jpg" alt="Article from 1936 about Magie's The Landlord's Game and how she sold her rights"> * //The Evening Star//. (1936, January 28). Designed to teach: Game of "Monopoly" was first known as "Landlor's Game." Page A-7. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1936-01-28/ed-1/?sp=7&r=0.052,-0.01,0.707,0.589,0">https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1936-01-28/ed-1/?sp=7&r=0.052,-0.01,0.707,0.589,0</a> <img src = "images/monopoly/2009-monopoly-myth-internet-archive.jpg" alt="screenshot from 2009 version of Hasbro's website describing the history of the Monopoly game"> * Hasbro. (2009, August 10). Monopoly—History & Fun Facts. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810014137/http://www.hasbro.com/monopoly/en_US/discover/history.cfm">https://web.archive.org/web/20090810014137/http://www.hasbro.com/monopoly/en_US/discover/history.cfm</a> <img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly_nyt-supreme-court-decision.jpg" alt="New York Times article about the Supreme Court's decision on Anspach's case"> * Hollie, P. (1983, February 23). Monopoly loses its trademark. //The New York Times// D1. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1983/02/23/250503.html?pageNumber=69">https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1983/02/23/250503.html?pageNumber=69</a> <img src = "images/monopoly/magie_portrait.jpg" alt="Image of Lizzie Magie from her book My Betrothed, and Other Poems"> * Lizzie Magie. (2024, October 1). In //Wikipedia//. <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lizzie_Magie&oldid=1248814087">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lizzie_Magie&oldid=1248814087 </a> <img src = "images/monopoly/magie-patent-1904.jpg" alt="Lizzie Magie's patent for the Landlord's game in 1904"> * Patent drawing for The Landlord's Game dated January 5, 1904. (2024, October 1). In //Wikipedia//. <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game#/media/File:BoardGamePatentMagie.png">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game#/media/File:BoardGamePatentMagie.png </a> <img src = "images/monopoly/magie-patent-1924.jpg" alt="Lizzie Magie's patent for The Landlord's Game in 1924"> * Patent drawing for The Landlord's Game granted in 1924. (2024, October 1). In //Wikipedia//. <a href= "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game#/media/File:MagiePatent2Page1.png">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game#/media/File:MagiePatent2Page1.png </a> <img src = "images/monopoly/san-fransisco-setting.jpg" alt="The Golden Gate Bridge"> * Pexels. (2016). Golden Gate Bridge [Photograph]. Pixabay. <a href= "https://pixabay.com/photos/bridge-golden-gate-bridge-ocean-sea-1868205/"> https://pixabay.com/photos/bridge-golden-gate-bridge-ocean-sea-1868205/ </a> <img src = "images/monopoly/anspach-with-anti-monopoly-board.jpg" alt="Ralph Anspach holding an Anti-Monopoly II game board"> <img src = "images/monopoly/todds-atlantic-city-version.jpg" alt="the homemade version of Monopoly played by the Atlantic City Quakers"> * Pilon, M. [@marypilon]. (2022, March 24). //It is with a heavy heart that I report that Anti-Monopoly inventor and board game crusader Ralph Anspach has passed away at 96.// [Tweet with photo]. X (formerly Twitter). <a href= "https://x.com/marypilon/status/1507131300313853966"> https://x.com/marypilon/status/1507131300313853966</a> <img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly_nyt-1977-article.jpg" alt="New York Times article about the destruction of the Anti-Monopoly games"> * United Press International (1977, July 6). Anti-Monopoly games destroyed after suit. //The New York Times// D9. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1977/07/06/75090599.html?pageNumber=72">https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1977/07/06/issue.html</a> <img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly-nyt-1974-article.jpg" alt="New York Times article from 1974 titled, All the World's a Game Board"> * Van Gelder, L. (1974, October 20). All the world's a game board. //The New York Times// Page 2. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/20/archives/all-the-worlds-a-game-board-monopolys-maker-sues-a-reallife.html">https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/20/archives/all-the-worlds-a-game-board-monopolys-maker-sues-a-reallife.html</a> ''Other Resources Available'' PDF: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227180251/http://tt.tf/gamehist/articles/Anspach-Collection-Description.pdf">"The Anspach Archives Collection: Documenting the True History of Monopoly as Affirmed by Court Fact Findings"</a> Book: //The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle// <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/694061618?oclcNum=694061618">//Available through Interlibrary Loan//</a> <img src = "https://d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/accounts/345931/images/Monopoly_book_R-anspach.jpg" alt="book cover image for The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle by Ralph Anspach"> Book: //The Monopolists// <a href="https://quicksearch.lib.iastate.edu/permalink/01IASU_INST/1s27pim/alma990019837010102756">//Available through Parks Library//</a> <img src = "https://d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/accounts/345931/images/Monopoly_book_pilon.jpg" alt="book cover image for the monopolists: obsession, fury and the scandal behind the worlds favorite board game by Mary pilon"> Book: //Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How it Got That Way// <a href="https://quicksearch.lib.iastate.edu/permalink/01IASU_INST/1s27pim/alma990016504420102756">//Available through Parks Library//</a> <img src = "https://d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/accounts/345931/images/Monopoly_book_orbanes.jpg" alt="book cover image for Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game--and How It Got That Way by Philip Orbanes">

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[You lose your court case and you now have enormous debt from not only your court costs, but Parker Brothers as well. You are forced to stop selling //Anti-Monopoly// and you must turn over all copies of your game to Parker Brothers. Hoping to teach you (and others) a lesson, Parker Brothers takes all of the remaining games you had in stock and publicly buries them in a landfill, making sure there is ample news coverage of the event. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly_nyt-1977-article.jpg" alt="New York Times article about the destruction of the Anti-Monopoly games"> <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1977/07/06/75090599.html?pageNumber=72">//The New York Times//</a>] Elizabeth Magie’s part in the invention of //Monopoly// is hidden and the myth about Charles Darrow lives on. <img src = "images/monopoly/magie_portrait.jpg" alt="Image of Lizzie Magie from her book My Betrothed, and Other Poems"> [[References->Magie References]]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting antimonopoly]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[You settle your case and use the money to pay off the three mortgages on your home and save yourself and your family from financial ruin. You never speak about the case--or the origins of //Monopoly// ever again. Elizabeth Magie’s part in the invention of //Monopoly// is hidden and the myth about Charles Darrow lives on. <img src = "images/monopoly/magie_portrait.jpg" alt="Image of Lizzie Magie from her book My Betrothed, and Other Poems"> [[References->Magie References]]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting antimonopoly]]

You learn how to cook, make and mend clothing, and other home economics skills. Eventually, you marry and start a family. Instead of pursuing a career as a radio astronomer, you do not enter the workforce and become a homemaker. As a result, pulsars are never discovered. [[References->Jocelyn references]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting pulsars]]

Your education thus far lands you a job as a secretary at a different university. While working there, you meet a researcher and the two of you fall in love and marry. You continue working until you become pregnant, at which point you stay at home to care for your growing family. You never return to the workforce and as a result, pulsars are never discovered. [[References->Jocelyn references]] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting pulsars]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/monopoly/monopoly-nyt-1974-article.jpg" alt="New York Times article from 1974 titled, All the World's a Game Board"> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/20/archives/all-the-worlds-a-game-board-monopolys-maker-sues-a-reallife.html">The New York Times, October 20th, 1974</a>] You decide to fight back by suing them! Your plan is to show that the original Monopoly trademark is questionable. To do that, you'll have to figure out what happened with the game before Parker Brothers started selling it. The popular story for how Parker Brothers came to own //Monopoly// is that a man named Charles Darrow invented the game while unemployed during the Great Depression in the 1930s and sold it to Parker Brothers, who then began distributing it. Simple right? You . . . 0. [[. . . accept this story and stop investigating.->fall out and obscurity]] It's the story that everyone believes and tells, so it must be the truth 0. [[. . . keep digging.->the Landlord’s Game]] You want to see some evidence before you accept this story as true

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/steamboat-1815.jpg" alt="illustration of a steamboat in 1815"> <a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-fb8e-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">//The New York Public Library//</a>] Since you can't find any skilled work as a carpenter, you take the only job you //can// find: unloading cargo from steamboats. The work is backbreaking, but you keep at it, and you keep looking for opportunities. Soon enough, one of the shop owners you see daily offers you a job as a janitor. You're happy to accept. One day, a white carpenter comes in to install a new countertop at the store. It soon becomes apparent that he's barely sober enough to stand--let alone build and install a new counter. The storekeeper is upset and complains loudly of the problems this delay will cause. You . . . 0. [[stay focused on your own work.->stay at the docks end]] What other people do is none of your business 0. [[offer to build and install the counter->Carpentry]] You know your woodworking skills are up to the task

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src="images/boyd/help-wanted-sign.jpg" alt="help wanted signs in store windows" width="745" height="429"> // Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, <a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017853511/"> LC-DIG-fsa-8d29261//</a>] When the employees at the shop hear about the possibility of you getting hired, they threaten to strike. The shop owner has no choice but to withdraw his offer [[You continue searching for a job->stevedore to carpenter]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/us-patent-office.jpg.jpg" alt="Photo of the U. S. Patent Office from around 1867"> //A photo of the U. S. Patent Office, circa 1867 <a href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.3874245">Cornell University Library//</a>] In 1835, George Porter patents your bedstead design despite not being the inventor. Customers love the design and before long, other furniture makers begin copying your design--despite the patent. To help customers tell original products from imitations, you begin stamping your name on each bedframe your company produces. Your business thrives and you continue to innovate your business practices along with your products. You introduce steam-powered machines into your workshops, and by 1844, your company is producing over 1,000 bedframes annually and employs almost 50 people--both white and African American. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/patented-bedstead.jpg" alt="An advertisement for Henry Boyd's bedstead"> //An advertisement for Henry Boyd's bedstead. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company">Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County//</a>] Not everyone is happy about your success, reputation, or business practices. Arsonists target your factory and it burns to the ground. 0. You rebuild [[and carry on->showroom]] 0. You close your business [[and retire->retirement end]]

(align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/boyd-storefront-replica.jpg" alt="A replica of Boyd's storefront at the Cincinnati History Museum" width="685" height="514"> //A replica of Henry Boyd's storefront at the Cincinnati History Museum. <a href="https://ewscripps.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c699bbc/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4000x3000+0+0/resize/1280x960!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fewscripps-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff3%2Fc7%2Fa640a4eb453daaa68d6b654df0dd%2Fhenry-boyd-storefront-at-chm.JPG">Lucy May, WCPO//</a>] Not only do you rebulid, in 1855, you open up a showroom to display the parlor furniture you also make. Prominent members of the community at the time become your customers, and your business continues to do well. Arsonists target your factory a second time, again burning it to the ground. 0. [[You rebuild again->final fire]] 0. You close your business [[and retire->retirement end]]

You live comfortably until you pass away at the age of 83 on March 1, 1886, and are buried in [[Spring Grove Cemetery. ->Boyd References]] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/burial-card-spring-grove-cemetery.jpg" alt="The burial card for Henry Boyd at the Spring Grove Cemetery" width="450" height="310"> //The burial card for Henry Boyd at the Spring Grove Cemetery. <a href="https://www.springgrove.org/locate-a-loved-one/spring-grove-cemetery/">Spring Grove Cemetery//</a>] Use the arrow to return to the previous passage or [[start over at the beginning->Setting boyd bedstead]] [[References->Boyd References]]

You continue running your successful business. You are able to buy a house for your family on New Street in downtown Cincinnati and provide them with a comfortable life. But you don't stop with your own family. Inside your house, you build a secret room big enough to hold five people and are active in the Underground Railroad. You also take in and care for those in need in your community, including an elderly man left for dead at the riverfront. (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/fire-insurance.jpg" alt="An advertisement for Aetna Fire & Inland Insurance" width="570" height="360"> //An advertisement for Aetna Fire & Inland Insurance. <a href="https://www.searchablemuseum.com/henry-boyds-manufacturing-company#burned-out">Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County//</a>] In 1862, arsonists burn your workshop to the ground for the third time. At this point, no insurance company is willing to insure your business, so you decide to close for good and finally retire. You pass away at the age of 83 on March 1, 1886, and are buried in [[Spring Grove Cemetery. ->Boyd References]] (align:"=><=")+(box:"X")[<img src = "images/boyd/burial-card-spring-grove-cemetery.jpg" alt="The burial card for Henry Boyd at the Spring Grove Cemetery"> //The burial card for Henry Boyd at the Spring Grove Cemetery. <a href="https://www.springgrove.org/locate-a-loved-one/spring-grove-cemetery/">Spring Grove Cemetery//</a>]